The Effectiveness of Trichoderma spp. against Downy Mildew Disease of Corn

Introduction: One of environmentally friendly method for controlling plant diseases is the use of Trichoderma spp. as a natural controlling agent. Objectives: The objective of this research was to find out the effectiveness of Trichoderma spp. against downy mildew disease. Methodology: This research was conducted in the Plant Pest and Disease Laboratory in the Plant Protection Department of Faculty of Agriculture in Lampung University. This research used completely randomized design consisting without treatment (0), Trichoderma spp. Gading Rejo Region (GDR) isolate (1) Trichoderma spp. Nusantara Tropical Farm (NTF) isolate (2), and Trichoderma spp. Trimurjo (TRJ) isolate (3) treatments which were applied to the plant growing points as fungicide (B) and as inducer of plant resistance to be applied in the plant roots (P). Results: The research results showed that the Trichoderma spp. treatments could reduce the disease occurrence at 4 and 5 days after inoculation, but they could not reduce the disease severity and improve stover dry weight of corn plant. Conclusion: The Trichoderma spp. Treatment as biofungicide and plant resistance inducer are effective against the incubation period and suppress the disease occurrence of downy mildew disease significantly at the early course of the disease.

Induction of resistance to Colletotrichum truncatum in lima bean / Indução de resistência à Colletotrichum truncatum em feijão-fava

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum) is one of the major diseases of the lima bean culture, found in production fields, causing decrease in productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of abiotic and biotic inducers applied in lima bean plants to reduce anthracnose severity. Lima bean accessions were used and treated with: the abiotic inducers calcium silicate (Agrosilício Plus) and silicate clay (Rocksil), using the 3 g dose.L-1; the biotic inducer citric biomass extract (Ecolife), at the dose of 3 mL.L-1; and distilled water as control. To evaluate the resistance induction, the results of severity and degree of resistance of fava bean at 7, 11, 15, 19 and 23 days after inoculation were considered according to the scale of grades and classes of reactions. The design was a randomized block in a factorial arrangement 4 × 15 (treatments × hits) with four blocks. Resistance inducers Agrosilicon Plus, Ecolife and Rocksil have potential to be used in the management of anthracnose in fava bean. The studied accesses showed degree of resistance, being able to be explored in relation to obtaining anthracnose resistant cultivars in future breeding programs of this crop.(AU)

A antracnose é uma das principais doenças da cultura do feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.), sendo encontrada em campos de produção e com grande potencial de causar redução na produtividade. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o efeito de indutores abiótico e biótico aplicados em plantas de feijão-fava, a fim de diminuir a severidade da antracnose. Foram utilizados 15 acessos de feijão-fava, tratados com os indutores abióticos: silicato de cálcio (Agrosilício Plus) e argila silicatada (Rocksil), utilizando a dose de 3 g.L-1 para ambos os produtos; e o indutor biótico biomassa cítrica (Ecolife), na dose de 3 mL.L-1. Como testemunha, aplicou-se apenas água destilada. Para avaliar a indução de resistência, foram considerados os resultados de severidade e grau de resistência dos acessos de feijão-fava aos 7, 11, 15, 19 e 23 dias após a inoculação, de acordo com escala de notas e classes de reações. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial simples 4 × 15 (tratamentos × acessos) com quatro blocos. Os indutores de resistência Agrosilício Plus, Ecolife e Rocksil apresentaram potencial para serem utilizados no manejo da antracnose em feijão-fava. Os acessos estudados revelaram grau de resistência, podendo ser explorados quanto à obtenção de cultivares resistentes à antracnose em futuros programas de melhoramento genético dessa cultura.(AU)

Controle químico da mancha bacteriana em mudas de tomate para processamento industrial / Chemical control of bacterial spot in seedlings of tomato for industrial processing

Com o objetivo de avaliar opções de produtos para o controle da mancha bacteriana em mudas de tomate, foram realizados dois ensaios independentes, em viveiro comercial, no município de Rio Verde ­ GO, nos períodos de novembro a dezembro de 2009. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições, utilizando o híbrido Heinz 9553. A parcela foi representada por 450 mudas em uma bandeja comercial. O primeiro ensaio consistiu nos tratamentos: 1 - testemunha; 2 - oxicloreto de cobre; 3 - hidróxido de cobre; 4 - acibenzolar-S-metil; 5 - metiram + piraclostrobina; 6 - famoxadona + mancozebe; 7 - cloreto de benzalcônio. O segundo ensaio consistiu nos mesmos tratamentos do primeiro ensaio acrescidos da aplicação do regulador de crescimento - paclobutrazol. As aplicações foram realizadas via pulverização foliar, utilizando pulverizador costal de barra com pressão constante. Após 29 dias da semeadura, o isolado EH 2008-13 de X. perforans, foi inoculado por meio da imersão das mudas em bandeja. A severidade da mancha bacteriana foi avaliada em 15 folíolos de cada parcela aos 16 dias após a inoculação. Não houve diferenças significativas no primeiro ensaio, mas detectou-se diferença significativa no segundo onde houve a aplicação do regulador de crescimento (P= 0,001). Os tratamentos acibenzolar-S-metil e famoxadona + mancozebe apresentaram valores médios de severidade inferiores à testemunha, no entanto, não diferiram significativamente dela. O tratamento metiram + piraclostrobina apresentou maior severidade da mancha bacteriana, não demonstrando ser eficaz no controle da doença em mudas nas condições testadas neste ensaio. Os resultados indicam possível efeito do regulador de crescimento sobre a ação dos produtos testados.

With the aim of evaluate chemical options to the control of bacterial spot in tomato seedlings, two independent experiments were carried out at a commercial tomato nursery in Rio Verde, Goiás, during the periods of November to December of 2009. The hybrid Heinz 9553 was used. The trials were in a completely randomized design with three replications. The plots were represented by a commercial plantlet trays of 450 cells. The treatments were: 1 - control; 2 - copper oxicloreto; 3 - copper hydroxide; 4 - acibenzolar-S-methyl; 5 - metiram + pyraclostrobin, 6 - famoxadone + mancozebe ; 7 ­ benzalkonium chloride. The experiments differed as for the paclobutrazol application, in the second experiment. The products were applied by using a CO2 portable sprayer with constant pressure. The inoculation occurred at 29 days after sowing, with isolated EH 2008-13 of Xanthomonas perforans which was originated from Rio Verde. The aerial part of the plantlets were immersed during 1 minute in a 18 L of the bacterial suspension placed in a large plastic tray. Disease severity was evaluated on 15 leaflets per plot at 16 days after inoculation. It was expressed in terms of average percentage of foliar area with symptoms by using the computational program Quant 2002. For the experiment without use of growth regulator there were not significant differences among the treatments. Despite presenting significant differences, in the for the paclobutrazol application, except for treatment metiram + pyraclostrobin, which resulted in the higher disease value, all treatments were not significantly different from the check-control. In that trial, acibenzolar-S-methyl following by famoxadone + mancozebe, were the only ones that presented inferior values comparing with the check-control, however not being significantly different. It can be inferred that interaction between the growth regulator and some treatments should exist.